“The African-led peace operations often fail to copyright the AU founding principle of non-indifference to leaders who, through war crimes, genocides, or unconstitutional seizures of power, abuse their citizens,” wrote Dr. Nathaniel Allen in the Africa Center for Strategic Studies paper, “African-Led Peace Operations: A Crucial Tool for Peace

to address a shared threat such as terrorism or banditry. An example of this is the 10,000-person Multinational Joint Task Force composed of Lake Chad Basin countries in response to terrorism and crime The AU’s African Peace and Security Architecture guides these missions, but many are now fairly independent of the AU. As of 2023, only three of t

Clearly, India’s agenda of facilitating the socio-economic development of its neighbours for realising the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is noteworthy. Yet, the primary objective of placing India formidably as a key regional actor and an essential global player in space diplomacy is conspicuous. In this regard, PM Modi’s explicit declara

the envelope on sustainable development, helping not only its own growth but also the growth of other countries in the Global South For example, Project NETRA (2019), India’s own Space Situational Awareness (SSA) system that provides early warnings in outer space to detect debris and other hazards, can be shared with other developing countries to

space diplomacy can help bolster regionalism thereby fostering the sustainability agenda Current state of ‘space’ art: Global North vs. Global South The international governing bodies for matters related to outer space—the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Spac